Nguyễn, Hữu Thọ (Nguyen Huu Tho) 1910- 1996

The son of a rubber-plantation manager who was later killed during the First Indochina War (1946-54), Nguyen Huu Tho studied law in Paris in the 1930s. Returning to Saigon, he set up practice, remaining politically inactive until 1949, when he led student demonstrations against the French; he also organized protests in 1950 against the patrolling of the Southern Vietnamese coast by U.S. warships. He was imprisoned and won popular acclaim for his prolonged hunger strike in protest of the war.

After the Geneva Agreements had divided Vietnam into northern and southern zones in 1954, Tho cooperated with the southern regime of Ngo Dinh Diem until he was arrested for advocating nationwide elections on reunification. Except for a short internal in 1958, Tho remained in prison from 1954 to 1961, when he escaped with the aid of some of his anti-Diem followers. These men, who had recently from the National Liberation Front, made Tho, a noncommunist, provisional and then full-time chairman of the NLF.

Tho served as chairman for the Vietcong’s National Liberation Front, founded in December, 1960, to attract the poor and suppressed classes of South Vietnam. The Saigon lawyer was jailed under the Ngo Dinh Diem regime for political dissidence. Hanoi viewed Tho merely as a figurehead of the Vietcong organization.

Tho essentially served as a figurehead leader, while real power in the NLF was held by its military arm, the Viet Cong, and by veteran communists who reported directly to the North Vietnamese leadership. Tho helped attract a wide spectrum of South Vietnamese supporters to the NLF. In June 1969 the NLF established a Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) with Huynh Tan Phat as president and Nguyen Huu Tho as chairman of its advisory council. The PRG, in effect, became the government of South Vietnam in April 1975, when the Saigon government’s troops surrendered to the North Vietnamese and PRG forces. Tho was made a vice president of Vietnam in 1976, a post he held until 1980, when he became acting president of the Council of State, as well as chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly.