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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Cuba's National Capitol Building, January 2010.

Central America and Caribbean

Cuba

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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Eastern Europe

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

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Pavlíček, Vladimir

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Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

Cuban Foreign Relations

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Czechoslovakia. Communist Party (CPCz)

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Sino-Soviet Relations

The Six-Day War (1967)

Fidel Castro, 1959.

Castro, Fidel

1926- 2016

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Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia)

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Czechoslovakia. Embassy (China)

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Moskovsky, V. P. (Vasily)

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January 28, 1972	Czechoslovak Embassy in Havana to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 6th Territorial Department, 'Cuba-Latin America-USA Relations in the Second Half of 1971' The document discusses Cuba's evolving foreign relations in the second half of 1971, emphasizing its efforts to normalize ties with Latin American countries and reduce its isolation. Key achievements include strengthened relations with Chile and Peru, entry into the "Group of 77," and growing interest among Latin American states in reestablishing connections with Cuba, despite U.S. opposition. Fidel Castro's high-profile visit to Chile and growing support for Cuba within the region are contrasted with the stagnation of US-Cuban relations, where Cuba remains a contentious issue in American politics. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 17, 1964	Echo of Recent International Events in Cuba This document provides an in-depth analysis of Cuba's reactions to various international developments during late 1964. Cuban leaders were pleased with the radical anti-imperialist tone and diplomatic successes of the Cairo Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. Fidel Castro welcomed French President de Gaulle's anti-American stance during his Latin America trip, linking it to tensions in pro-American governments. The British Labour Party's election victory was viewed positively, fostering hopes for policies aligned with Cuba's interests. Domestically, Nikita Khrushchev's ousting in the USSR created distrust and concerns about the continuity of Soviet support. Lastly, Cuba cautiously celebrated China's first nuclear test, seeing it as a potential shift in global power dynamics favoring socialism. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
January 9, 1961	J. Miller, 'The Danger of Military Aggression against Cuba and a Proposal for Further Measures of Czechoslovak Intelligence in Support of Revolutionary Cuba' The head of the Czechoslovak intelligence observed that the interruption of diplomatic relations with the US in January 1961 brought the immediate danger of military aggression against Cuba.
September 16, 1960	Information Report of the Delegation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Czech Republic from VIII. Congress of the People's Socialist Party of Cuba Prague dispatched delegates to the Eighth Congress of the PSP in August 1960. Speaking at the gathering, the Cuban communist leader, Blas Roca Calderio, effectively offered his stamp of approval to Castro before the Czechoslovakian guests, recognizing him as a “new phenomenon in Latin America’s history.” In their comments, the Czechoslovaks demonstrated their satisfaction with the deepening influence of the Cuban communists within the country’s socio-political transformations, which held the serious potential to increase the significance of the Cuban revolution in the eyes of the Soviet Union and the other Socialist states.
March 10, 1959	Record about an Interview with Comrade Severo Aguirre, a Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the People’s Socialist Party of Cuba After talking with the member of the PSP's Central Committee, Severo Aguirre, Prague’s Communist Party leaders saw a glimmer of hope for the further radicalization of the revolution: the fact that the “bourgeois” leaders of the revolutionary army, the Castro brothers, and Ernesto “Che” Guevara, relied on the people’s army, on which the communists had significant influence.
June 1972	Explanatory Report on the Visit of the Chairman of the Cuban Revolutionary Government and First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, Comrade Fidel Castro, and His Entourage to Czechoslovakia Castro and Husák discuss recent developments in Cuba and Czechoslovakia. Castro recounts the history of the Cuban revolution, while Husák explains the crisis of 1968-1969 in Czechoslovakia.
November 30, 1967	Guidelines for the Czechoslovak Delegation attending the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament in 1967 The final instructions for the Czechoslovak delegation en route to Geneva for the ENDC in November 1967. The treaty was mostly finished by this time; only the final details remained. Denunciation of US foreign policy and prevention of West Germany’s nuclear weapon acquisition reappear in these instructions.
August 2, 1963	Antonín Gregor, 'Explanatory Memorandum [on the Limited Test Ban Treaty]' A report produced by the Czechoslovak foreign ministry in August 1963 recommending the ratification of Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT). One of the key goals of early Czechoslovak engagement in the ENDC was to reject a nuclear test ban, based on their rejection of any verification measures. However, once the Soviets agreed to the LTBT with the US and the United Kingdom, the Czechoslovak foreign ministry praised the agreement and attacked those (such as China) who resisted the measure. One interesting aspect of the treaty was the proposed role of depositary powers. The document indicates that the Soviets were interested in being a depositary power to the LTBT in order to prevent ratification by governments not recognized by the USSR, most notably West Germany and the Republic of China. The issue of depositary powers reappeared later on, in the NPT as well.
May 1963	Undated, untitled memorandum on Soviet-US Negotiations for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty An undated memorandum, produced most likely in the late spring of 1963 (most likely in May) that outlines Soviet thinking on the most recent discussions with US representatives on the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. The memorandum is crystal clear that the key goal for Soviet negotiators was to avoid West German control over nuclear weapons. This is why Moscow opposed the idea of a Multilateral Nuclear Force. However, Soviet officials also admitted that it was better to agree to a treaty that did not explicitly prohibit a multilateral nuclear force as long as their US counterparts committed not to let West German authorities have an authoritative role in authorizing nuclear-weapon use
March 6, 1962	Resolution of the 186th Meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia of March 6, 1962, 'Preparation of Czechoslovak Delegation and Proposal to be Sent to the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament' A record of the conclusions of the 186th meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, which met on March 6, 1962. The attachment includes the initial instructions for the Czechoslovak delegations to the first meeting of ENDC. The document testifies to the strong preoccupation with West Germany’s re-armament, and the possibility of West Germany nuclear-weapon acquisition. Czechoslovakia travelled to Geneva with a goal of avoiding this outcome at any cost. Although the document offers a broad overview of the “lay of the land” ahead of the first meeting of ENDC, it is the focus on West Germany that is the most obvious here