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Assad, Hafez

1930- 2000

Egyptian Pyramids

Northern Africa

Egypt

Photograph of Sayyida Zainab bin Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib Shrine.

Middle East

Syria

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Arafat, Yasir

1929- 2004

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Zhivkov, Todor

1911- 1998

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Eastern Europe

Bulgaria

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

Todor Zhivkov Collection

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Bulgaria. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Middle East

Photograph of the Hands of Victory Monument in Baghdad.

Middle East

Iraq

Photograph of Helmut Kohl, 1982.

Kohl, Helmut

1930- 2017

Anwar Sadat in 1975

Sadat, Anwar

1918- 1981

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Interkit, 1966-1987

Sino-Soviet Relations

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Soviet Foreign Policy

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March 31, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Egyptian President Hosny Mubarak in Bonn on 30 March 1993, 15.30-17.20 hours Kohl and Mubarak discuss the recent bomb attack in Cairo and the question of the assassins. Upon Kohl's question, Mubarak rejects the idea that Libya and Gaddafi could be behind it. Rather, Mubarak suggests the changes in Gaddafi’s position and the latter's concern about fundamentalist terror in Libya. Mubarak thinks Iran was behind the terror attack in Cairo.
September 14, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Rabin on Monday, 14 September 1992 Kohl and Rabin discuss the situation in the Near and Middle East and the changed in Syria's position toward Israel after the demise of the Soviet Union. Rabin expresses concern about the continued arms race in the region and Syria's purchases of Scud missiles from Russia and Slovakia. He also reiterates Iraq's continued capability to go nuclear within 5 to 6 years despite international arms control inspections. Last but not least, Kohl and Rabin discuss the situation in Iran and Kohl's contacts with President Rafsandjani.
May 21, 1973	Sixth Interkit Meeting, Record of Meeting with Boris Ponomarev and Konstantin Katushev This record of a meeting with the secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Boris Ponomarev, and with the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Konstantin Katushev, addresses the anti-Soviet course adopted by Beijing. The discussion specifically refers to relations between China and the Communist parties of Albania, Romania, Australia, France, Italy, and New Zealand. The document also assesses the situation in Anwar el-Sadat's Egypt, in Hafez al-Assad's Syria, in Iraq, and in Yemen, the main idea being that the Socialist countries should support the development of progressive Arabic states.
October 14, 1982	Official Friendship Visit by the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the SED and Chairman of the State Council of the GDR, Erich Honecker, in the Syrian Arab Republic (11 to 14 October 1982)
April 22, 1980	Minutes of Conversation between Todor Zhivkov and Yasser Arafat, Damascus The two leaders discuss the situation in the Middle East, and the role of the superpowers - the US and the Soviet Union.
April 22, 1980	Minutes of Conversation between Todor Zhivkov and Hafez Al-Assad, Damascus The two leaders talk about recent developments in the Middle East, US-Arab relations, and Soviet support for Arab regimes.
1972	Minutes of the Joint Meeting of the Bulgarian Central Committee, the State Council, and the Council of Ministers, on the Situation in the Middle East Todor Zhivkov reports on his recent visit to the Syrian Arab Republic and the Arab Republic of Egypt.
September 30, 1974	Memorandum of Conversation between Todor Zhivkov and Hafez Al Assad The two leaders discuss the Middle East, the American involvement, and the shipment of Soviet weaponry to Syria.