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Eastern Europe

Yugoslavia

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Western Europe

Germany

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Photograph of Helmut Kohl, 1982.

Kohl, Helmut

1930- 2017

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Eastern Europe

Serbia

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Eastern Europe

Croatia

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Hartmann, Peter

1935-

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Western Europe

France

Boris Yeltsin at the United Nations, October 1995

Yeltsin, Boris

1931- 2007

François Mitterrand in 1983

Mitterrand, François

1916- 1996

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924- 2018

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Truman with Attlee and Stalin at Potsdam

Cold War Origins

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

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August 18, 1995	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with Prime Minister Major on 18 August 1995, 13.00 hours Kohl and Major discuss the impact of the war in former Yugoslavia on the Muslim world, the European Community and domestic U.S. policy. Both agree that there was a window of opportunity for a settlement before the winter.
July 20, 1995	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with President Yeltsin on 20 July at 12.00 hours Kohl wants Yeltsin to pressure the Bosnian Serbs into concession. Kohl's request for Yeltsin is to become engaged personally in such an effort.
July 18, 1995	Memorandum: Situation in former Yugoslavia, here: The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with Prime Minister Major on 17 July 1995 Kohl and Major discuss the situation in former Yugoslavia and the need to draw a red line to stop Serbian attacks in the Bosnian war. Both emphasize a potential change in NATO's posture moving from a a peace keeping operation toward a peace enforcing position entailing the possibility of full-fledged war against the Bosnian Serbs.
February 12, 1994	Cable, Secretary of State to US Office Berlin (Eyes Only for Ambassador Holbrooke), 'Memcon of Clinton-Kohl January 31 Lunch' A U.S. summary of a meeting between Bill Clinton and Helmut Kohl.
February 3, 1994	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Lunch Meeting with President Clinton in Washington on 31 January 1994 Kohl and Clinton review the state of NATO enlargement after the January 1994 NATO Summit in Brussels. They view NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) as the best solution to engage Russia and to reach out to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Both view the situation in Ukraine as a key factor in the search for Europe's post-Cold War order. "If anything happened in Ukraine, this would increase the pressure for the NATO accession of the Central and Eastern European countries," Clinton says.
May 12, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with Russian President Yeltsin on 11 May 1993 17.30-17.40 hours Kohl's request for Yeltsin is to put more political pressure on the Bosnian Serbs.
May 12, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with ANC Chairman Nelson Mandela on Monday, 10 May 1993 Kohl and Mandela review the situation in South Africa after the end of Apartheid analyzing conflicts between the Inkatha and the ANC. Mandela asks for Germany's financial assistance. Kohl agrees to review the request as long as Mandela himself was his interlocator on financial support for the ANC.
May 7, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with U.S. Secretary of State Christopher on Thursday, 6 May 1993 Kohl and Christopher discuss various scenarios in the search for peace in former Yugoslavia after the failure of the Vance/Owen plan. They debate whether Russia would perhaps accept a lifting of the arms embargo for the Muslims in Bosnia. Moreover, they discuss the state of Germany's domestic debate on out-of-area missions.
April 19, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with French President Mitterrand on Monday, 19 April, 13.45-13.55 hours Kohl and Mitterrand discuss NATO's surprising decision to call for Turkish fighter aircraft in the mission to control Bosnia-Hercegovina's airspace. Both criticize the fact that the decision was taken by the military without political consultations. Both Kohl and Mitterrand believe that "this was to wrong way to bring back Turkey to the Balkans."
March 15, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with French President Mitterrand on Monday, 15 March 1993 Kohl and Mitterrand review the latter's meeting with Milosevic in Paris and the lack of results in the French dialogue with the Serbian leadership.