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South Asia

Afghanistan

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Afghan resistance fighters return to a village destroyed by Soviet forces

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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South Asia

Pakistan

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Andrei Gromyko at the UN, 1981

Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich

1909- 1989

Sino-Soviet Relations

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Najibullah, Mohammad

1947- 1996

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894- 1971

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Soviet Foreign Policy

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October 2, 1960	Transcript of the Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, S. Sarper On October 2, 1960, Nikita Khrushchev met with Turkish Foreign Minister Selim Sarper in New York to discuss bilateral relations, disarmament, and the global political climate. Sarper conveyed greetings from General Gürsel and emphasized Turkey’s desire for good-neighborly relations based on realism and stability. Khrushchev criticized the presence of foreign military bases in Turkey, arguing they pose risks to Turkey without enhancing security, and suggested a neutral, cooperative stance for Turkey in the Black Sea region. Both leaders discussed challenges in improving Soviet-American relations and the broader Cold War context, including the recent U-2 incident. Sarper acknowledged Turkey’s economic difficulties and expressed optimism about gradual improvements in Soviet-Turkish relations. The conversation concluded with mutual agreement on the importance of diplomatic patience and fostering personal connections between leaders to achieve peace and stability. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
March 20, 1959	Record of Conversation between Cde. N.S. Khrushchev and Mohammed El-Nil, Ambassador of the Republic of Sudan in the USSR Khrushchev discusses the Soviet Union's relationships with both Iraq and the UAR (Egypt), expressing criticism of Nasser's policies and approach to Arab unity. He voices concerns over Nasser’s political stance and the impact of his speeches, highlighting areas where Soviet and Egyptian interests diverge. Additionally, Khrushchev thanks the Sudanese Ambassador for his service as he steps down from his position.
March 12, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 10 (Overall Issue No. 83) This issue contains a report by Zhou Enlai's visit to 11 countries in Asia and Europe, work arrangements, export tax regulations, Japanese encephalitis, national exams, and village reassignment.
September 20, 1982	Record of Soviet-Indian Talks Brezhnev tells Gandhi about the Soviet Union's concern with recent American actions in the Middle East and shares his fear of increased nuclear capacity. Gandhi seconds these worries, celebrates the friendship between India and the Soviet Union, and requests Soviet assistance in developing India's economy.
September 21, 1982	Soviet-Indian Talks (Conclusion) Brezhnev and Gandhi discuss India's relationship to Pakistan and Afghanistan, highlighting the Soviet Union's involvement with the two countries. Gandhi also speaks about India's domestic situation and asks Brezhnev to cooperate in increasing India's defense capabilities. Brezhnev tells Gandhi confidential information about recent developments in Soviet-China relations.
January 28, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 4 (Overall Issue No. 77) This issue features content on China's relations with the Soviet Union, Hungary, Afghanistan, and Hong Kong. It also has sections on tax relief and loan assistance for poor production teams and military, prevention and treatment of Kashin-Beck Disease, the collection of revolutionary history archives, regulations on production, business, infrastructure, and Soviet activities, and village transfer and reassignment.
November 13, 1986	Politburo on Afghanistan The Politburo discuss the need for Soviet troops to withdraw from Afghanistan, the best way to do that, and set up a time table to withdraw troops.
November 9, 1986	Cable No. 3757, Ambassador Nakae to the Foreign Minister, 'The Prime Minister’s Visit to China (Meeting with General Secretary Hu - Japan-China Relations)' Hu and Nakasone discuss some of their countries respective foreign policy priorities, including the USSR, the United States, the Cambodian-Vietnamese conflict, Eastern Europe, and Afghanistan, as well as arms control.
May 20, 1959	Record of a Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and Prime Minister of Afghanistan M. Daud, 20 May 1959 Nikita Khrushchev and Mohammed Daoud Kahn discuss construction in Moscow, territorial disputes with Iran over the waters of the Helmand River, Afghanistan's relations with Pakistan, the 14 July Revolution in Iraq, the Soviet Union's relations with Egypt, and the formation of the United Arab Republic in 1958.
July 30, 1990	National Intelligence Daily for Monday, 30 July 1990 The CIA’s National Intelligence Daily for 30 July 1990 describes the latest developments in the Soviet Union, Japan, Liberia, Algeria, Togo, Afghanistan, Burma, Iraq and Israel.