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Cuba's National Capitol Building, January 2010.

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

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Aerial view of National Mall

North America

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Fidel Castro, 1959.

Castro, Fidel

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President Ronald Reagan, Vice-President Bush, and oviet General Secretary Gorbachev

United States-Soviet Relations

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

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Alekseyev, Alexander Ivanovich

1913- 1989

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Eastern Europe

Poland

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Kudryavtsev, Sergey Mikhailovich

1915- 1998

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Castro Ruz, Raul Modesto

1931-

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Soviet Union. Embassy (Cuba)

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Revolutionary leader Che Guevara hand painted mural in Havana, Cuba

Guevara, Ernesto ("Che")

1928- 1967

China and Latin America and the Caribbean

Sino-Soviet Relations

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October 1962	Notes of N.S. Khrushchev [on a Letter to Fidel Castro] N.S. Khrushchev reflects on Fidel Castro's impulsive and desperate nature, comparing him to a peasant who values a bear's skin over his own safety, illustrating Castro's dangerous push for nuclear war during the Cuban Crisis.
July 1972	Supplement to the Report about Negotiations with F. Castro G. Tsukanov summarizes Fidel Castro's 1972 visit to the USSR. According to Tsukanov, the trip will be useful in facilitating Cuba's socialist position. Important discussion topics from Castro's visit include the Soviet-American negotiations, Soviet economic assistance to Cuba, and the political course of Latin America.
June 1, 1972	Summary of a Conversation between O. Darusenkov and Comrade Rodriguez O. Darusenkov writes about a meeting he had with Comrade Rodriquez. During the meeting, Darusenkov learned that Castro is uncomfortable with Nixon's recent visit to the USSR, believing that the visit's timing shifts the moral weight of the Vietnam War onto the Soviet Union. Darusenkov also explains that Soviet comrades should publicly greet Castro upon his arrival.
June 1, 1972	Summary of a Conversation between O. Darusenkov and Fidel Castro O. Darusenkov explains that Fidel Castro has changed his itinerary for his visit to the USSR, deciding to emphasize conversations with Soviet leaders over a tour of the country. Furthermore, Darusenkov relates that though Castro will engage in economic discussions, he wishes that the economic dimension of his visit be kept secret. Castro's disdain for Nixon following the President's visit to the USSR is also made clear.
June 27, 1972	Record of Conversation between L. I. Brezhnev and Fidel Castro Brezhnev warmly welcomes Castro to the Soviet Union. Castro speaks of positive developments within Soviet-Cuban relations and explains the historical trajectory of Cuba in terms of the global fight for communism. The leaders discuss Cuban economic prospects and the revolutionary situation of countries throughout Latin America.
January 28, 1972	Czechoslovak Embassy in Havana to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 6th Territorial Department, 'Cuba-Latin America-USA Relations in the Second Half of 1971' The document discusses Cuba's evolving foreign relations in the second half of 1971, emphasizing its efforts to normalize ties with Latin American countries and reduce its isolation. Key achievements include strengthened relations with Chile and Peru, entry into the "Group of 77," and growing interest among Latin American states in reestablishing connections with Cuba, despite U.S. opposition. Fidel Castro's high-profile visit to Chile and growing support for Cuba within the region are contrasted with the stagnation of US-Cuban relations, where Cuba remains a contentious issue in American politics. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
September 9, 1970	Foreign Affairs Department of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, 'Report on the Party and Government Delegation’s Visit to Cuba' The report provides an overview of the Hungarian delegation's visit to Cuba in 1970 to strengthen party relations and discuss preparations for an anti-imperialist congress. The Cuban leadership expressed interest in improving bilateral cooperation and aligning on ideological initiatives. Observations highlight challenges in Cuba, including economic inefficiencies, campaign-style management, and political centralization under Fidel Castro, who acknowledged shortcomings and proposed changes, such as separating party and state leadership roles. Despite setbacks, Cuban leaders remained committed to revolutionary ideals, with Castro emphasizing the importance of the working class in socialist development. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
August 30, 1970	Letter, Political of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party to the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party The Bulgarian Communist Party's Central Committee reported on a delegation's visit to Cuba, emphasizing the positive developments under Fidel Castro's leadership toward building a socialist society. While praising progress in agriculture, industry, and international relations with socialist states, the report highlighted challenges such as economic inefficiencies, a lack of qualified leadership, and the persistence of issues like food rationing and housing shortages. It proposed stronger coordination and assistance from socialist countries, particularly through economic and cultural integration, to support Cuba's socialist development and overcome its structural difficulties. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
September 3, 1968	The Position of the Communist Party of Cuba Towards the Conference of the Communist Parties and the Problems of the International Revolutionary Movement This report describes how the Cuban Communist Party's position diverges from the broader international communist movement and how it desires to maintain neutrality in Sino-Soviet disputes.
February 12, 1969	Note from the Conversation between the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Comrade Jędrychowski, and the Ambassador of the Republic of Cuba, Flores Ibarra The discussion between Comrade Jędrychowski, Poland’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Cuban Ambassador Flores Ibarra focused on Polish-Cuban trade and political relations. The conversation highlighted challenges in bilateral trade, including sugar overproduction and quality concerns for Cuban citrus fruits, while emphasizing Cuba's plans to diversify exports and expand coffee and sugar production. Politically, relations were characterized as stable, with mutual understanding, though the Cuban ambassador explained Cuba’s absence from recent Communist Party congresses due to internal decisions. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.