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CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

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Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

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Kohl, Helmut

1930- 2017

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

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European Commission (EC)

1958-

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

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ACRS Oral History Project

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Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin and the Cold War

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July 1993	Saddam Meets with Tariq Aziz and Iraqi High-ranking Officials Regarding Ekeus, Inspections, and other Matters This audio file contains a meeting between Saddam Hussein and Iraqi high-ranking officials in which they discuss different issues. Tarqi Aziz discusses the technical negotiations in New York, and the Security Council Resolution 687 of 1991. He asks whether the sanctions will be lifted after the end of the special commission. He recommends hurrying with the commission to shorten the period of inspection and to let them use the cameras they requested in order to claim Iraq had not imposed any obstacles during the inspection process. Saddam states the special target group is concerned with future observation rather than what they have already done so far. He adds that the attempts of overthrowing the regime have failed, thus they insist on using cameras to guarantee future observation. One of the speakers advises to let the team work in a technical and a professional mechanism away from means of media which always exaggerate things and make matters worse. Saddam shifts to another subject, saying that Iraq has unmasked western democracy. They discuss European political affairs, ruling parties, socialism, and what Arabs and Asians face from offering those hard jobs and low positions requiring only physical effort. Finally, they agree to send a message to the commission saying that when you believe in an appropriate way towards Iraq, you will have positive results.
July 13, 1974	Letter, Hoerster and Biagoschi, Kraftwerk Union A.G., to Dr. H.-G. Wieck, 'Turn-key Nuclear Power Plants for Iran including Fuel Management, Exploration of Natural Uranium and Aid in obtaining Enrichment Know-how' This document discusses the capability of Kraftwerk Union AG, bid preparation for nuclear plants including the unit sizes and turn key jobs, exploration of natural uranium in Iran, and uranium enrichment facilities.
July 30, 1997	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with the President of Ukraine, Leonid Kuchma, on the sidelines of the NATO Summit in Madrid on 8 July 1997 Kohl and Kuchma debate plans for the establishment of a permanent German-Ukrainian commission. Kohl emphasizes Ukraine's relevance in terms of European security.
June 26, 1959	Letter from Frederick H. Boland to Con Cremin (Dublin) Boland gauged opinion at the UN and assisted in preparing the ground for Aiken’s campaign in the XIVth Session in the fall of 1959. Ireland cultivated the UN Secretariat, notably Dr. Protitch, who evaluated the Irish proposal as helpful. Likewise, intimations from the Eastern bloc were positive. The Irish Permanent Representative consolidated links with the second-in-command of the U.S. mission to the UN, James W. Barco, to enable a constructive dialogue with the Americans to fashion a resolution they could tolerate
June 1, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Portuguese Prime Minister Cavaco Silva on 1 June 1992 Kohl and Silva examine preparations for the forthcoming European Council in Lisbon as well as reforms in the nomination of appointees for the European Commission. They talk about the re-nomination of Delors as President of the Commision. In addition, they discuss the seat of the European Central Bank and the European Monetary Institute.
February 28, 1967	Note from Mr. Francis Perrin, High Commissioner for Atomic Energy, 'French foreign policy in terms of atomic armaments, particularly with regard to the proliferation of this armaments' Nonproliferation talks entered their decisive phase after the submission of a joint U.S.-Soviet draft to the ENDC on February 21, 1967. One week later, High-Commissioner of the French Commissariat à l’énergie atomique, Francis Perrin, assessed France’s options. It was not “by accident,” he noted, the original five UN Security Council permanent members—the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, and China—were in line for nuclear-club membership: “…they are the same profound reasons, of a geographical, demographic or other nature, which led to the choice [in 1945] … of the countries with special responsibilities in the maintenance of world peace.” After noting how advances in “India, Israel, Japan, Sweden, and also West Germany” portended the further spread of nuclear weapons—and acknowledging France had itself sought help with its weapon program—Perrin pondered whether proliferation might hasten nuclear disarmament by convincing the superpowers of its merits. In the end, however, fear of a “large and hostile” nuclear-armed PRC made him pessimistic. While he did not advise signing the NPT, it would be “very important” for France to affirm publicly, if unilaterally, “its constant policy since 1958 … not to cede any atomic weapon or any atomic explosive device to a country which does not possess it, and not to help any such country to manufacture them.” He dismissed internal opposition toward the NPT as defensive—"an a posteriori justification of the French decision to constitute an atomic armament." More significant was the likelihood West Germany would gain its own atomic arsenal, jeopardizing France’s “dominant political position among the Europe of the Six” members of the European Communities and reviving Cold War tensions in Europe. He finished with an eye-opening analysis of how the Kosygin proposal for nuclear-weapon states to extend negative security guarantees to non-nuclear-weapon states’ signatory to the NPT would not impede the use of French nuclear armaments against a West German blitzkrieg backed by the United States.
April 28, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with the President of the EC Commission on Tuesday, 28 April 1992, 13:30 – 15:00 Hours Kohl and Delors discuss GATT, prepartions for the next European Council in Lisbon, the the future seat of the European Central Bank and the question of an appropriate label for the common European currency.
March 23, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meetings at Camp David on 21/22 March at Camp David Kohl and Bush discuss GATT, trade, European integration, NATO and the U.S. miiltary presence in Germany. They look into financial aid for Russia and Yeltsin's participation in the 1992 World Econmic Summit.
March 4, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Czechoslovakian President Havel at Lany Castle, Thursday, 27 February 1992 Kohl and Havel discuss European integration, EC enlargement and the CSSR's association with the EC. They review plans for the establishment of a foundation for the compensation of concentration camp victims. Moreover, they look into possibilities of German business investment in the CSSR.
February 28, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with the President of the EC Commission on Monday, 24 February 1992: Main Issues and Results of Working Lunch Kohl an Delors look into potential problems on the road with regards to the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. They discuss GATT, internal EC reforms and the perspectives of Britain's EC Council Presidency.