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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Satellite image of Western Europe

Western Europe

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Western Europe

France

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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Western Europe

Germany

Euratom

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Photograph of Helmut Kohl, 1982.

Kohl, Helmut

1930- 2017

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Group photo from the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group Operational Basket Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, April 4-6, 1995.

ACRS Oral History Project

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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

1989-

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924- 2018

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Hartmann, Peter

1935-

North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

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1989	Meeting between Saddam and unidentified ministers This undated file is a meeting between Saddam and a number of unidentified Iraqi ministers. The file goes back to the days of Francois Mitterrand. The main topic of discussion was European efforts to create a united economy. Tariq Aziz briefed Saddam on the internal relations in Europe, especially between East and West Germany before the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the weaknesses of Communism and Socialism.
April 18, 1963	Report by the Department of Soviet and Eastern European Affairs, Chinese Foreign Ministry, 'Recent Situation in Romania' The Department of Soviet and Eastern European Affairs says that the Soviet Union and Romania are in conflict over CMEA, and reports on Romania's recent positions towards China, Albania, and Yugoslavia.
July 13, 1974	Letter, Hoerster and Biagoschi, Kraftwerk Union A.G., to Dr. H.-G. Wieck, 'Turn-key Nuclear Power Plants for Iran including Fuel Management, Exploration of Natural Uranium and Aid in obtaining Enrichment Know-how' This document discusses the capability of Kraftwerk Union AG, bid preparation for nuclear plants including the unit sizes and turn key jobs, exploration of natural uranium in Iran, and uranium enrichment facilities.
October 31, 1997	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with British PM Blair on 20 October 1997, 10.30 a.m. - 3 p.m. in Chequers Kohl and Blair examine Britain's role in Europe. They discuss European Economic and Monetary Union, European aerospace industry, the agenda 2000 for Europe, EC enlargement and the convocation of the G-8 summit in Birmingham in 1998.
September 19, 1958	Address by Mr. Frank Aiken to the United Nations General Assembly Official, 23th Session, 751st Plenary Meeting Aiken’s landmark address to the plenary of the UN General Assembly on 19 September 1958 launched his non-proliferation campaign. It is the first time he publicly identified stopping the spread of nuclear weapons as a concrete step in the collective interest to unblock the disarmament impasse, preventing a runaway arms race among the powers of the Earth. It was clearly framed as part of his wider campaign for global governance based on the rule of law rather than the threat of force. For Aiken, the challenge was stabilizing the arms race and generating trust to construct a world order based on justice and law – “to preserve a Pax Atomica while we build a Pax Mundi.” This speech was a critical departure. The widespread positive reception encouraged Aiken, persuading him to draft a formal resolution.
October 2, 1957	Memorandum by Frank Aiken [on an Interview with Scott McCleod and the Taoiseach] Aiken made an immediate impression on his arrival in the Twelfth Session of the UN General Assembly in September 1957. He adopted an impartial posture of assessing each issue on its merits and campaigning to remodel international politics around self-determination, humanitarianism, and peace. His exhortation was that only the UN had the moral authority and political legitimacy to put forward global solutions. While he did not propose nuclear disarmament measures specifically, his intent was signaled by his recommendation for a mutual drawback of foreign forces (including their nuclear weapons) in central Europe and his endorsement of a proposal to discuss the representation of China in the United Nations. The Eisenhower administration was hostile to Aiken’s course as outlined in the U.S. ambassador’s audience with Taoiseach Eamon de Valera and Aiken in Dublin on 2 October. The record underlines the Irish concerns about accidental nuclear war due to the proximity of opposing U.S. and Soviet forces in central Europe.
March 31, 1995	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Polish President Walesa in Copenhagen on 11 March 1995 Kohl and Walesa examine the state of NATO enlargement and EC enlargement. Walesa sees EC enlargment first and foremost as an economic process that would take longer. The decision for NATO enlargement could be taken faster, Walesa argues. Kohl reiterates the necessity of a "face-saving" solution for Russia short of giving Russia a veto over NATO enlargement.
June 14, 1994	State Minister Schmidbauer's Meeting with Iran's Foreign Minister Velayati on 13 June 1994 at the Chancellor’s Office Schmidbauer and Velayati discuss the release of a German prisoner in Iran as a precondition for Germany's support of Iran's request for closer association with the European Community.
February 28, 1994	State Minister Schmidbauer's Meeting with Iran's Vice Foreign Minister Vaezi on 25 February 1994 at the Chancellor's Office Schmidtbauer and Vaezi discuss the state of bilateral negotiatins on debt rescheduling as well as Iran's aspirations for closer contacts with the European Community. Vaezi asks for support during Germany's EC Presidency in the second half of 1995. Schmidbauer insists on the release of a German prisoner in Iran as a gesture of goodwill.
February 3, 1994	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Lunch Meeting with President Clinton in Washington on 31 January 1994 Kohl and Clinton review the state of NATO enlargement after the January 1994 NATO Summit in Brussels. They view NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) as the best solution to engage Russia and to reach out to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Both view the situation in Ukraine as a key factor in the search for Europe's post-Cold War order. "If anything happened in Ukraine, this would increase the pressure for the NATO accession of the Central and Eastern European countries," Clinton says.