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James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

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Group photo from the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group Operational Basket Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, April 4-6, 1995.

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Andreotti, Giulio

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Soviet Foreign Policy

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Italy. Ministry of Defense

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Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

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1931- 2022

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End of the Cold War

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December 7, 1963	Reminder from SMD to Adm. Tagliamonte Reminder by adm. A. Zamboni on organization and structure of NATO Multilateral Force, including its political, strategic, economic and legal features. Particularly prominent is the European Provision as discussed in several different fora.
October 5, 1963	Letter from Ducci to Quaroni Letter from ambassador R. Ducci on the need to establish a European Federation with autonomous nuclear capabily.
October 20, 1965	US Embassy to West Germany, Memorandum, 'German Attitudes on Nuclear Defense Questions' In this memorandum, an unnamed official at the U.S. Embassy in Bonn analyzed various West German nuclear and non-nuclear alternatives in the event of failure of the proposals for collective nuclear defense arrangements. An independent nuclear capability was ruled out as an alternative because “no responsible political leader in Germany of any party, any known private group, or any discernible body of Garman opinion … considers it desirable.”
July 9, 1965	State Department Policy Planning Staff, 'S/P Consultants Discussion of Atlantic Affairs' with Cover memorandum from Walt Rostow to Secretary of Defense McNamara In this meeting between members of the Policy Planning Staff's board of consultants, the participants discussed their policy preferences towards European nuclear arrangements. Recognizing “bitter” French and Soviet objections to a collective nuclear force, the consultants believed that over time it might be possible to “get both the force and the agreement.”
February 27, 1963	President Kennedy to Honorable William Tyler [Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs] and Honorable Paul Nitze [Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs] In a memorandum to senior officials at the Departments of Defense and State, President Kennedy expressed doubts over whether West Germany would abide by the non-nuclear weapons commitment that West German Chancellor Adenauer had made in 1954. Also mentioned in the memorandum is Kennedy's description of a meeting with West German defense minister Kai-Uwe von Hassell to discuss these concerns; von Hassell assured the President that West Germany would not go on any "nuclear adventures."
November 20, 1961	Central Intelligence Agency, Information Report Telegram, 'Foreign Policy Aims of Strauss, Schroeder and some FDP Leaders' In the weeks following the November 1961 West German federal elections when a new cabinet formed, CIA sources in Bonn provided information on the thinking of the group of “Young Turks” in Chancellor Konrad Adenauer’s cabinet that included Defense Minister Franz-Joseph Strauss and Foreign Minister Gerhard Schroeder.
September 23, 2016	Oral History Interview with Sir Michael Weston British Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva (1995-1998).
October 14, 2016	Oral History Interview with Jaap Ramaker Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva.
November 15, 2016	Oral History Interview with Harald Müller Expert member of the German delegation to the NPT review conference.
March 22, 2017	Oral History Interview with Thomas Graham Untied States special representative for Arms Control, Non-Proliferation, and Disarmament.