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Aerial view of National Mall

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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East Germany

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Photograph of Helmut Kohl, 1982.

Kohl, Helmut

1930- 2017

Warsaw Pact

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Eastern Europe

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Warsaw Pact Military Planning

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Gomułka, Władysław

1905- 1982

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Walesa, Lech

1943-

Boris Yeltsin at the United Nations, October 1995

Yeltsin, Boris

1931- 2007

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Clinton, William Jefferson

1946-

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Mazowiecki, Tadeusz

1927- 2013

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

Nuclear Proliferation

German Reunification

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September 12, 1996	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with Polish President Kwasniewski on Thursday, 12 September 1996, 9.30 hours Kohl and Kwasniewski exchange thoughts on the state of Yeltsin's health. They agree that NATO must not pursue further steps in the enlargement process during the period of Yeltsin's illness after his coronary bypass surgery. Finally, Kohl and Kwasniewski look into the timetable for NATO enlargement and the decision about its new members at the July 1997 NATO summit in Madrid.
January 10, 1996	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with the President of the Polish Republic, Mister Alexander Kwasniewski on 9 January 1996 at the Chancellor’s Office Kohl refers to the Franco-German relationship as a role model for Germany’s relationship with Poland. Kwasniewski looks into Poland's domestic reform agenda stressing the importance of further expanding Poland's ties with NATO and the EC.
March 31, 1995	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Polish President Walesa in Copenhagen on 11 March 1995 Kohl and Walesa examine the state of NATO enlargement and EC enlargement. Walesa sees EC enlargment first and foremost as an economic process that would take longer. The decision for NATO enlargement could be taken faster, Walesa argues. Kohl reiterates the necessity of a "face-saving" solution for Russia short of giving Russia a veto over NATO enlargement.
September 9, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with President Clinton on 7 September 1993 Kohl and Clinton discuss plans for NATO enlargement and the need to find a modus vivendi for an intermediate period as a way to balance Russia's engagement and the security interests of the Central and East European countries. Kohl has doubts over the feasibility of NATO enlargement but is willing to search for an intermediary solution.
April 27, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Czech President Havel on Montag, 26 April 1993 Kohl and Havel talk about the Czech desire to join NATO. Havel emphasizes his concern about the security vaccum in Central and Eastern Europe. He argues in favor of Czech association with NATO as a way to enhance security and stability in Europe. Havel also expresses concern about NATO's reluctance to consider this. Kohl gives an evasive response.
April 1, 1992	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Polish President Walesa on Tuesday, 31 March 1992 Kohl and Walesa talk about Poland's eagerness for EC membership and their shared irritation about general Western reservation in terms of EC enlargement. They discuss the desire of the Visegrad countries for NATO membership. Kohl reiterates his aim to to have a relationship with Poland that was similar to the German friendship with France.
September 17, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with U.S. President Bush on Monday, 16 September 1991, at the White House Kohl and Bush analyze European security and the potential creation of a European pillar in NATO as well as France's rapproachment vis-a-vis NATO via the WEU. Kohl provides an assessment of Mitterrand's personality and his diplomacy toward Germany.
January 28, 1991	Memorandum of Telephone Conversation: Telcon with Chancellor Kohl of Germany, January 28, 1991, 11:08-11:28 a.m. On a phone call, Bush and Kohl discuss the Gulf War, including the evacuation of Iraqi planes to Iran, Saddam Hussein's state of mind, the role of Turkey, and German's financial contribution.
March 21, 1990	Working Record of a Conversation of Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki with Deputy Secretary of State L. Eagleburger At a working lunch, Mazowiecki and Deputy Secretary of State L. Eagleburger discuss the dangers of Balkanization. Additionally, they discuss the difficulties of European unification in the current political climate.
March 21, 1990	Working Record of the Conversation between the Prime Minister, Tadeusz Mazowiecki and the US Secretary of Defense D. Cheney Mazowiecki and Cheney discuss Poland’s military, Soviet troop withdraw, and the future of NATO.