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Western Europe

Germany

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Photograph of Helmut Kohl, 1982.

Kohl, Helmut

1930- 2017

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924- 2018

Boris Yeltsin at the United Nations, October 1995

Yeltsin, Boris

1931- 2007

British Prime Minister John Major

Major, John

1943-

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Hartmann, Peter

1935-

Japan's Itsukushima Shrine

East Asia

Japan

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

Photograph of the Hands of Victory Monument in Baghdad.

Middle East

Iraq

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Gulf War, 1990-1991

German Reunification

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

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October 21, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with President Patricio Aylwin, Santiago de Chile, 21 October 1991, 09:30 – 11:00 hours Kohl and Aylwin discuss Honecker's release from the Chilean embassy in Moscow. Kohl recollects his personal meetings with Honecker, in particular the latter's 1987 visit in Bonn. Moreover, Kohl reflects on his inner-German trade policy and its impact for the GDR's demise, especially the billion DM loan for the GDR in 1983.
September 20, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Spanish Prime Minister Felipe Gonzales, Thursday, 19 September 1991, 11:20 until 12:46 hours Kohl and Gonzalez discuss the potential for European integration after Germany's unification and the urge for fast action after the coup in Moscow. They review the ensuing war in Yugoslavia and the need for the Federal Republic to avoid going it alone in its efforts for the recognition of Slovenia and Croatia.
July 8, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Soviet President Gorbachev on Friday, 5 July 1991, in Meseroye near Kiev Kohl and Gorbachev confer on the state of reforms in the Soviet Union, Western financial assistance and preparations for Gorbachev's participation in the World Economic Summit in London later in July. In addition, they discuss European security, EC enlargement and the potential enlargement of NATO.
June 13, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, Bonn, 13 June 1991, 11:45 am to 12:45 pm Kohl and Mulroney look back into Canada's role as a supporter of German unification. Mulroney highlights the relevance of his personal diplomacy in this endeavor. In addition, they discuss financial aid for the Soviet Union and preparations for the London World Economic Summit.
February 22, 1991	The Chancellor’s [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with President Gorbachev, 21 February 1991 Kohl and Gorbachev discuss the domestic situation in the Soviet Union as well as the struggle between Gorbachev and Yeltsin.
January 31, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Conversation with British Foreign Minister Douglas Hurd on 30 January 1991 Kohl and Hurd discuss Germany's financial aid in support of Britain's military operations in the Gulf in the amount of DM 800 million. Moreover, Kohl reviews his efforts for constitutional changes in order to enable Germany's participation in future of out-of-are missions.
November 13, 1990	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Soviet President M.S. Gorbachev on 9 November 1990, 3:15 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. at the Federal Chancellery Kohl and Gorbachev review the state of bilateral relations, the Gulf crisis and the situation in the Soviet Union, especially with regards to Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost and the Soviet Union's economic reforms. They discuss Western economic assistance and food supplies for the Soviet Union as well.
February 2, 1990	National Intelligence Daily for Friday, 2 February 1990 The CIA’s National Intelligence Daily for 2 February 1990 describes the latest developments in German unification, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Arab States, Vietnam, and the Soviet Union.
January 26, 1990	Discussion of the German Question at a Private Meeting in the Office of the CPSU CC General Secretary In a conversation recorded by Chernyaev, Gorbachev candidly discusses the political situation in East and West Germany, the weakness of the Socialist Unity Party (SED), and the Soviet strategy for managing German reunification.
September 23, 1989	Record of Conversation Between Mikhail Gorbachev and Prime Minister of Great Britain Margaret Thatcher Gorbachev and Thatcher discuss reforms in the Soviet Union and issues with inter-ethnic tensions. Thatcher states that she is not in support of German unification.