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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

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United States-Soviet Relations

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

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Cuba's National Capitol Building, January 2010.

Central America and Caribbean

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Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin and the Cold War

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Harriman, W. Averell (William Averell)

1891- 1986

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

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Japan's Itsukushima Shrine

East Asia

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Andrei Gromyko at the UN, 1981

Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich

1909- 1989

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894- 1971

Sino-Soviet Relations

Cropped photograph of Soviet politician, Vyacheslav Molotov.

Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich

1890- 1986

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

Soviet Nuclear History

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September 1, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 26 (Overall Issue No. 153) This issue includes a declaration supporting the Soviet Union's proposal for an emergency UN General Assembly session, a joint declaration with Iraq establishing diplomatic relations, and agreements with the United Arab Republic (Egypt) to enhance postal services. It also features a joint statement with Cambodia highlighting mutual respect and cooperation, as well as updated regulations on the collection and storage of tobacco and cotton, emphasizing efficient methods to bolster agricultural and industrial productivity.
May 15, 1960	Transcript of the Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and the President of the French Republic, Charles de Gaulle, regarding incidents with American Aircraft and the Participation of the USSR in the Summit On May 15, 1960, Nikita Khrushchev met with French President Charles de Gaulle in Paris to discuss the fallout from recent incidents involving US reconnaissance aircraft violating Soviet airspace. Khrushchev emphasized the Soviet Union’s outrage over these acts, labeling them as aggression and a threat to sovereignty. He called for the US to acknowledge its violations, condemn the actions, hold those responsible accountable, and commit to ceasing such provocations. De Gaulle expressed regret over the incidents but maintained that espionage was an inevitable reality of modern geopolitics. He assured Khrushchev that he would convey the Soviet statement to US President Dwight Eisenhower but noted that France had not participated in planning the reconnaissance missions. The discussion also touched on broader themes of disarmament and international cooperation, with Khrushchev reiterating the USSR’s readiness to engage in the summit only if the US changed its course. De Gaulle stressed the necessity of dialogue to prevent future incidents and achieve détente. Both leaders reaffirmed their nations' desire for peace but left the resolution of the immediate crisis contingent on US actions. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
Date unknown	Transcript of the Conversation between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N.S. Khrushchev and the Vice-President of the World Peace Council, Former President of Mexico, Divisional General, Lázaro Cárdenas Cardenas asks Khrushchev about his position on peacekeeping and requests support to help Mexico's economic and industrial growth. Khrushchev emphasizes the importance of unity and preserving peace against a shift in US foreign policy toward economic and cultural competition as opposed to outright power competition.
August 2, 1958	Third Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev with Mao Zedong, August 2, 1958, in Fengziyuan Mao and Khrushchev have a conversation about about international affairs, including NATO, CENTO, and SEATO, relations with the USA and Japan, and the situation in the Near East. They also expressed their views on the situation in Latin America, and preparations for a third world war. According to the Soviet record of the conversation, they also discussed domestic problems in the two countries. Specifically, Mao spoke at length to Khrushchev about the successes of the Great Leap.
August 1, 1958	Second Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev with Mao Zedong, August 1, 1958, in Zhongnanhai On this second day of the talks, international affairs were the main topic of conversation. From the Soviet record, which like those of the first and the next discussion, was made by Fedorenko and the third secretary of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs Anatolii I. Filyov, it is evident that the atmosphere was fully relaxed, anti-imperialism brought the communist leaders together. Both hated America, Great Britain, France, West Germany, Japan, and their leaders. They discussed the situation in the Near East in detail and were heartened by the victory of leftist forces in Iraq. They joked a lot. And only at the end did Mao lightly touch upon his claims to Khrushchev, who at once reminded the Chinese leader of the Soviet advisors. It was obvious that this question continued to bother him, and Khrushchev exacerbated his grievance.
September 2, 1947	Confidential Report No. 6594 from the Romanian Ambassador in Moscow to the Foreign Minister A 25-page report sent by the Romanian Ambassador in Moscow, Iorgu Iordan, regarding Soviet perceptions of the Marshall Plan and a synthesis of life in Soviet Union as reflected in the media.
July 7, 1947	Letter, Office of the British Political Representative, Bucharest, to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, M. Gh. Tatarescu A message from the British Representative, Adrian Holman, addressed on July 7 to Minister Tatarescu as “personal and confidential." In five points, Holman essentially offer a rebuttal of Soviet criticisms to Marshall Plan.
June 25, 1947	Telegram No. 4556 from the Romanian Ambassador in Moscow, Iorgu Iordan, addressed to Foreign Minister Tatarescu Ambassador Iorgu Iordan explains the attitude of Soviet Union towards the Marshall Plan, based on an analysis of the Soviet press.
September 20, 1982	Record of Soviet-Indian Talks Brezhnev tells Gandhi about the Soviet Union's concern with recent American actions in the Middle East and shares his fear of increased nuclear capacity. Gandhi seconds these worries, celebrates the friendship between India and the Soviet Union, and requests Soviet assistance in developing India's economy.
September 15, 1962	Instruction from M. Zakharov and Bakayev to the Commander of the Ship and the chief of the Military Contingent concerning the Defense of a Transport Ship These instructions provide regulations regarding the procedures in case of piratical acts committed by Cuban or US "counterrevolutionaries." They include information about how and when to use antiaircraft mounts in defense.