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Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

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Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

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Eastern Europe

Poland

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Eastern Europe

Romania

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Eastern Europe

Bulgaria

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North America

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Photograph of Helmut Kohl, 1982.

Kohl, Helmut

1930- 2017

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Chernyaev, A. S.

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Walesa, Lech

1943-

Nicolae Ceausescu, 1974

Ceaușescu, Nicolae

1918- 1989

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Caranfil, Gheorghe

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Helmut Kohl addresses the United Nations, June 1997.

Helmut Kohl Transcripts

German Reunification

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Berlin Wall between Mitte and Kreuzberg

Berlin Wall

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

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December 10, 1988	Excerpts from the Diary of Anatoly Chernyaev Chernyaev's diary entry on the worsening situation in the Baltics and implications for the state of the Soviet Union.
October 31, 1988	Anatoly Chernyaev, Notes from a Meeting of the Politburo Gorbachev et al prepare for their upcoming UN visit, and discuss presenting their reformed policies, arms reductions, the implementation of perestroika, withdrawal of troops from Hungary, and overall Soviet-American relations.
June 20, 1988	Anatoly Chernyaev, Notes from a Meeting of the Politburo Anatoly Chernyaev’s notes from the Politburo session on June 20, 1988, during which military spending, party membership, the progress of perestroika, and CPSU organizational leadership were discussed.
July 6, 1989	Speech by Mikhail Gorbachev to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, "Europe as a Common Home" Mikhail Gorbachev exposes his idea of the "Common European Home" and states that he will not block reform in East European countries. Gorbachev told the Council that it is "the sovereign right of each people to choose their social system at their own discretion." Gorbachev's statements amount to an unofficial repudiation of the Brezhnev Doctrine.
September 1985	CIA Intelligence Assessment, 'Gorbachev's Economic Agenda: Promises, Potentials, and Pitfalls' An analysis of Gorbachev's new economic policies.
January 26, 1990	Discussion of the German Question at a Private Meeting in the Office of the CPSU CC General Secretary In a conversation recorded by Chernyaev, Gorbachev candidly discusses the political situation in East and West Germany, the weakness of the Socialist Unity Party (SED), and the Soviet strategy for managing German reunification.
May 28, 1987	Letter from Rolf Berthold to Cde. Erich Honecker In anticipation of a visit by Zhao Ziyang to East Germany, the Ambassador of the GDR in Beijing reports on China's economic reforms, the leadership within the Chinese Communist Party, and China's relations with the GDR, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Japan.
December 6, 1989	Report of the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs [F. Somogyi] for the Council of Ministers about the Meeting of the leaders of the Warsaw Pact on 4 December Summary of the meeting of the leaders of the Warsaw Pact. The document is not signed, but it is highly likely it was authorized by Ferenc Somogyi, Deputy Minister of the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who was present at the meeting in Moscow.
August 24, 1989	Information of the Romanian Embassy in Budapest to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1415 hrs A Romanian official at the Embassy in Budapest reports on the Hungarian response to Ceaușescu's 19 August 1989 appeal regarding the situation in Poland.
August 22, 1989	Report of the Embassy of Romania in Warsaw to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 0145 hr Romanian Ambassador to Poland Ion Tesu reports on the Polish response to Ceaușescu's 19 August message to all of the socialist countries. Includes a written response from the PUWP leadership