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Eastern Europe

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Pjescak

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Satellite image of Western Europe

Western Europe

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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich

1914- 1984

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

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Obzina, Jaromir

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC)

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Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

Truman with Attlee and Stalin at Potsdam

Cold War Origins

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

East German Uprising

Soviet Foreign Policy

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July 8, 1991	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Soviet President Gorbachev on Friday, 5 July 1991, in Meseroye near Kiev Kohl and Gorbachev confer on the state of reforms in the Soviet Union, Western financial assistance and preparations for Gorbachev's participation in the World Economic Summit in London later in July. In addition, they discuss European security, EC enlargement and the potential enlargement of NATO.
May 14, 1955	Warsaw Pact Treaty Treaty establishing the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of West Germany into NATO.
October 17, 1944	Record of Meeting Held at the Kremlin on 17 October 1944, at 10 p.m. Churchill and Stalin discuss the progress of the war in Europe and its brutality. They propose three alternative plans of German dismemberment and how German assets should be divided among the Allies. They discuss further punishments and reparations.
May 28, 1983	CC CPSU on Withdrawal from Strategic Arms Reduction Negotiations (2) The CC CPSU announces that it is breaking off negotiations with the US and NATO on Strategic Arms Reduction.
May 28, 1983	CC CPSU on Withdrawal from Strategic Arms Reduction Negotiations (1) The CC CPSU announces that it is breaking off negotiations with the US and NATO on Strategic Arms Reduction.
May 18, 1983	Information for Soviet Embassies on the Strategic Arms Reduction Negotiations Report on the progress of negotiations between the Soviet Union and the United States for the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), complaining that the American proposals are not acceptable from the Soviet perspective.
March 24, 1989	Conversation between M.S. Gorbachev and Karoly Grosz, General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, March 23-24, 1989 These conversations reveal Gorbachev’s contradictions, as the Soviet leader proclaims again that the Brezhnev doctrine is dead and military interventions should be "precluded in the future, yet at the same time, tries to set "boundaries" for the changes in Eastern Europe as "the safekeeping of socialism and assurance of stability."
February 16, 1970	Memorandum for President Nixon from Kissinger, "Brandt's Eastern Policy" A memorandum for President Nixon from National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger summarizing West German Chancellor Willy Brandt's "Ostpolitik" or Eastern Policy, which sought to normalize relations between West Germany and the communist countries.
June 19, 1953	National Security Council Report, NSC 158, 'United States Objectives and Actions to Exploit the Unrest in the Satellite States' Recommendations adopted by the National Security Council at the suggestion of the Psychological Strategy Board on covert actions to be undertaken in the Soviet Satellite States. Authorized by the National Security Council, NSC 158 envisaged aggressive psychological warfare to exploit and heighten the unrest behind the Iron Curtain. The policy was endorsed by President Eisenhower on June 26, 1953.
February 22, 1946	George Kennan's 'Long Telegram' George F. Kennan writes to the Secretary of State with a lengthy analysis of Soviet policy in an attempt to explain their recent uncooperative behavior. This message would later become famous as the "long telegram."