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Eastern Europe

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Satellite image of Western Europe

Western Europe

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Pjescak

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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich

1914- 1984

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

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Obzina, Jaromir

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Truman with Attlee and Stalin at Potsdam

Cold War Origins

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC)

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A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

East German Uprising

Soviet Foreign Policy

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March 24, 1989	Conversation between M.S. Gorbachev and Karoly Grosz, General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, March 23-24, 1989 These conversations reveal Gorbachev’s contradictions, as the Soviet leader proclaims again that the Brezhnev doctrine is dead and military interventions should be "precluded in the future, yet at the same time, tries to set "boundaries" for the changes in Eastern Europe as "the safekeeping of socialism and assurance of stability."
February 16, 1970	Memorandum for President Nixon from Kissinger, "Brandt's Eastern Policy" A memorandum for President Nixon from National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger summarizing West German Chancellor Willy Brandt's "Ostpolitik" or Eastern Policy, which sought to normalize relations between West Germany and the communist countries.
June 19, 1953	National Security Council Report, NSC 158, 'United States Objectives and Actions to Exploit the Unrest in the Satellite States' Recommendations adopted by the National Security Council at the suggestion of the Psychological Strategy Board on covert actions to be undertaken in the Soviet Satellite States. Authorized by the National Security Council, NSC 158 envisaged aggressive psychological warfare to exploit and heighten the unrest behind the Iron Curtain. The policy was endorsed by President Eisenhower on June 26, 1953.
June 5, 1947	Speech by US Secretary of State George C. Marshall, 'The Marshall Plan' Speech in which George C. Marshall lays out the "Marshall Plan" for US aid to assist in the re-building of post-war Europe.
February 22, 1946	George Kennan's 'Long Telegram' George F. Kennan writes to the Secretary of State with a lengthy analysis of Soviet policy in an attempt to explain their recent uncooperative behavior. This message would later become famous as the "long telegram."
February 11, 1945	Yalta Conference Agreement, Declaration of a Liberated Europe The text of the agreements reached at the Yalta (Crimea) Conference between President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Generalissimo Stalin.
July 9, 1973	Report by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on China's Policy toward Western Europe and Opposition against the CSCE This document contains information prepared by the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) on China's European policy and Chinese opposition to the convocation of a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). It states that China's overall goals are diametrically opposed to those of the European Socialist countries and their Communist parties, with Beijing identifying the Soviet Union as its primary enemy. In this light, the Soviet leadership maintains that actively confronting China in ideological and political terms remains one of the most important tasks of the Warsaw Pact countries.
April 4, 1952	Senate Staff Member Criticizes Radio Free Europe Richard Arens, counsel for the Senate’s Internal Security Subcommittee, accuses Radio Free Europe of harboring Marxists and broadcasting left-wing and socialist propaganda.
September 25, 1971	Factor Analysis Concerning the State of Preparation for a European Security Conference A description and analysis of the United States' position on the European Security Conference as perceived by the GDR Ministry of Foreign Affairs
October 18, 1972	About Some Current Questions Concerning the Multilateral Preparations for the European Security Conference An update on the progress of the pre-CSCE agenda negotiations